2) 1. During this time, Hyde Park also became increasingly ethnically diverse, as Jewish residents became an important part of the area's social fabric. They began to set up a variety of social and civic institutions, including a Jewish community center and several synagogues.
3) 3. Hyde Park is a majority middle class, but there are small areas that reflect the 20th century period where the wealthier people in the city moved to this neighborhood to escape the decline of Prairie Avenue. At the time Hyde Park wasn’t seen as a diverse community or any capability of being more then it was planned to be an urban-renewal plan. At the time, it was a old commercial buildings and housing stock
4) 8. Bobby Franks, was the victim of this case. He lived on 50th and Ellis Avenue at the time of his kidnapping on May 21st, 1924. His family was very well off; his father Jacob M. Franks was a retired industrialist, formally a president of the Rockford watch company. Jacob M. Franks married his wife Flora in 1906, and in 1909 Bobby was born.
5) 9. The crime that captured national attention in 1924 began as a fantasy in the mind of eighteen-year old Richard Loeb, the handsome and privileged son of a retired Sears Roebuck vice president. Loeb was obsessed with crime. Despite his intelligence and standing as the youngest graduate ever of the University of Michigan, Loeb read mostly detective stories. He read about crime, he planned crimes, and he committed crimes, although none until 1924 were crimes involving physical harm to a person.
6) 9. Darrow and Leopold later saw Loeb's fascination with crime as form of rebellion against the well-meaning, but strict and controlling, governess who raised him. For Loeb, crime became a sort of game; he wanted to commit the perfect crime just to prove that it could be done.
7) 9.Loeb's nineteen-year old partner in crime, Nathan Leopold, was interested in ornithology, philosophy, and especially, Richard Loeb. Like Loeb, Leopold was a child of wealth and opportunity, the son of a millionaire box manufacturer. At the time of their crime, Leopold was a law student at the University of Chicago and was planning to begin studies at Harvard Law School after a family trip to Europe in the summer. As a student of philosophy, “Leopold was attracted to Friedrich Nietzsche.
8) 9.Nietzsche's influence on early twentieth century academics was powerful, and the merits of ideas contained in books like his Beyond Good and Evil were fiercely debated in centers of learning like the University of Chicago. Leopold agreed with Nietzsche's criticism of moral codes, and believed that legal obligations did not apply to those who approached "the superman." Leopold's idea of the superman was his friend and lover, Richard Loeb.”
9) 9.It was Darrow's decision to change the boys' initial pleas to the charges of murder and kidnapping from "not guilty," to "guilty." The decision was made primarily to prevent the state from getting two opportunities to get a death sentence. “With "not guilty" pleas, the state had planned to try the boys first on one of the two charges, both of which carried the death penalty in Illinois, and if it failed to win a hanging on the first charge, try again on the second. The guilty plea also meant that the sentencing decision would be made by a judge, not by a jury. Darrow's decision to plead the boys guilty undoubtedly was based in part on his belief that the judge who would hear their case, John R. Caverly, was a "kindly and discerning" man. With the public seemingly unanimous in calling for death, Darrow did not want to face a jury. In his summation Darrow noted, "where responsibility is divided by twelve, it is easy to say ‘away with him'; but, your honor, if these boys are to hang, you must do it--...it must be by your cool, premeditated act, without a chance to shift responsibility."”
10) 10. Darrow's decision to plead the boys guilty undoubtedly was based in part on his belief that the judge who would hear their case, John R. Caverly, was a "kindly and discerning" man. With the public seemingly unanimous in calling for death, Darrow did not want to face a jury. In his summation Darrow noted, "where responsibility is divided by twelve, it is easy to say ‘away with him'; but, your honor, if these boys are to hang, you must do it--...it must be by your cool, premeditated act, without a chance to shift responsibility."
11) 10. The defense presented extensive psychiatric evidence describing the defendants' emotional immaturity, obsessions with crime and Nietzschean philosophy, alcohol abuse, glandular abnormalities, and sexual longings and insecurities. Lay witnesses, classmates and associates of Loeb, were offered to prove his belligerence, inappropriate laughter, lack of judgment, and childishness. Other lay witness testified as to Leopold's egocentricity and argumentative nature. The state offered in rebuttal psychiatrists who saw normal emotional responses in the boys and no physical basis for a finding of mental abnormality.
12) 10. The defense hoped to build its case against death around the testimony of four psychiatrists, called "alienists" at the time. The prosecution argued that psychiatric testimony was only admissible if the defendants claimed insanity, while the defense argued strenuously that evidence of mental disease should be considered as a mitigating factor in consideration of the sentence. "In the most critical ruling of the trial, Judge Caverly decided against the state's objection, and allowed the psychiatric evidence to be introduced."
13) 11. The famous Leopold and Loeb trial affected the public and future of law in Illinois. The trial most influenced the use of capital punishment in Illinois. Since
14) 11. Next, the trial's plea affected outcomes of future criminal cases in Illinois. "The "plea of not guilty by reason of insanity" introduced a new defense for guilty criminals." For years to come after their trial, Darrow's plea saved more people from the death sentence in Illinois. Finally, it also had an effect on society. The murder changed the public's view of wealthy people. Now, society realized that wealthy and intelligent people weren't always good.
15) 12. Following the U.S. Supreme Court's decision in Gregg v. Georgia, Illinois's state legislature voted to reinstate capital punishment in 1974. "The first execution under the new statute was that of Charles Walker in 1990, followed by eleven more executions until the final Illinois execution was carried out in 1999." All executions in Illinois since 1974 were carried out through lethal injection.
16) 13. Troy Leon Gregg was an individual who was incarcerated within the State of Georgia subsequent to his arrest and conviction of the murder of two individuals in 1973; subsequent to his trial, the jury had found Gregg guilty and had sentenced him to death. Gregg was the first individual in the history of the United States whose respective execution was accepted by the Supreme Court of the United States
13) 11. The famous Leopold and Loeb trial affected the public and future of law in Illinois. The trial most influenced the use of capital punishment in Illinois. Since
14) 11. Next, the trial's plea affected outcomes of future criminal cases in Illinois. "The "plea of not guilty by reason of insanity" introduced a new defense for guilty criminals." For years to come after their trial, Darrow's plea saved more people from the death sentence in Illinois. Finally, it also had an effect on society. The murder changed the public's view of wealthy people. Now, society realized that wealthy and intelligent people weren't always good.
15) 12. Following the U.S. Supreme Court's decision in Gregg v. Georgia, Illinois's state legislature voted to reinstate capital punishment in 1974. "The first execution under the new statute was that of Charles Walker in 1990, followed by eleven more executions until the final Illinois execution was carried out in 1999." All executions in Illinois since 1974 were carried out through lethal injection.
16) 13. Troy Leon Gregg was an individual who was incarcerated within the State of Georgia subsequent to his arrest and conviction of the murder of two individuals in 1973; subsequent to his trial, the jury had found Gregg guilty and had sentenced him to death. Gregg was the first individual in the history of the United States whose respective execution was accepted by the Supreme Court of the United States
17. 14) On the Southside of Chicago was a developing suburb
called Hyde Park, which was full of promise, as well as new wealth. Nicknamed
the “Lake Forest of the Southside,” it was established by wealth, for wealthy
people.
18. 14) In 1853 Paul Cornell a New York lawyer purchased
land between 51st street to 55th. Over the next thirty years, his involvement
helped establish major institutions like the University of Chicago. At the this time the neighborhood was
becoming ever more diverse, Jewish families of wealth moved into the community,
assisting in the establishment of Hyde Park, and becoming prominent parts of
the community.
19. 15) Born Nathan Freudenthal Leopold Jr. on November 19,
1904, Leopold was a native to Chicago. Nathan Leopold was the son of a wealthy
family of German Jewish descent. The families wealth derived from his fathers
box shipping and freight company. Claimed to be a child prodigy, Leopold exceed
genius levels, he was rumored to have an I.Q. between 210-220 at that time.
20. 15) Leopold studied law at the University of Chicago,
with the intent of studying law at Harvard University as well. Leopold is
described as a very strange and awkward character; his intelligence set him
apart from his contemporaries. He struggled making friends due to his elitist
attitude, which carried through his young adult life. When he attended the
University of Chicago in 1920, he established the mutual friendship with
Richard Loeb, his partner in crime.
21.) 16. Born Richard Albert Loeb on June 11, 1905, in
Chicago, Illinois. “Richard Loeb was born with the proverbial silver spoon in
his mouth,” his father was a wealthy Jewish lawyer who went on to the vice
president of Sears and Roebuck. Due the strict hand in the household Loeb
excelled academically, which led to him being one of the youngest and most
intelligent graduates from the University of Michigan. He was also known to
have an I.Q. of 160. –Biography.com
22. 17. His intelligence he had a darker side to him, “Loeb
showed distinct Jekyll/Hyde characteristics from an early age.” He was
interested in all sorts of criminal activity, he read detective stories, and
participated in actual crime like minor family theft to shoplifting, vandalism
and arson, but known involved physically harming a person until he conjured of
the perfect murder. –Biography.com
23. 18) Robert Franks was a neighbor and acquaintance of
Richard Loeb, also a Hyde Parker, he lived on 50th and Ellis in the Kenwood
neighborhood. He was described as a very
thin boy and participated in sports. He also came from a wealthy family. His
father was Jacob M. Franks, a retired industrialist and formally the president
of the Rockford Watch Company. –Biography.com
24. 19) what was Leopold and Loebs plan? While experimenting
with their elite status via petty small crimes. This built up to their plan for
the perfect crime-murder. Their plan was to kidnap and kill a neighborhood boy,
dispose of the body, and write a ransom note without getting caught.
25.) 20. “Loeb showed distinct Jekyll/Hyde characteristics
from an early age.” He was interested in all sorts of criminal activity, he
read detective stories, and participated in actual crime like minor family
theft to shoplifting, vandalism and arson, but known involved physically
harming a person until he conjured of the perfect murder.
26.) 20. his father was a wealthy Jewish lawyer who went on
to the vice president of Sears and Roebuck. Due the strict hand in the
household Loeb excelled academically, which led to him being one of the
youngest and most intelligent graduates from the University of Michigan. He was
also known to have an I.Q. of 160.
27.) 21. While Bobby Franks was walking home from a baseball
game around 5:15 pm. They hailed Bobby to the car, asking him about a tennis
racket Loeb was interested in. He was struck in the back of the head with a
chisel and he was gagged with a sock in his mouth. Soon after his death
28.) 21 Leopold and Loeb drove to an area near Wolf Lake
near Hammond, Indiana. He was stripped
naked on the side of the road and covered with hydrocholoric acid, making
identification of the body difficult. Then disposed the body in a drainage pipe
at the Pennsylvania Railroad tracks north of Wolf Lake
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